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A circle has centre O and radius r cm. The chord [AB] subtends an angle of θ radians at O, where 0<θ<π.

The area of the minor segment cut off by the chord [AB] is 20% of the area of the sector OAB.

  1. (a)

    Show that 4θ=5sin⁡θ.

    3 marks

  2. (b)

    Find the value of θ.

    2 marks

  3. (c)

    The area of the minor segment is 12 cm2. Find the value of r.

    2 marks

A trolley of mass 2.0 kg moving at 3.0 m s−1 collides with a stationary trolley of mass 1.0 kg. They stick together. What is their speed after the collision?

  1. A

    1.0 m s−1

  2. B

    1.5 m s−1

  3. C

    2.0 m s−1

  4. D

    3.0 m s−1

S1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

Elements, compounds and mixtures

The particles that make up matter are atoms, molecules and ions. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds, such as OX2 or HX2O. An ion is an atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge, such as NaX+ or SOX4X2−. Every sample of matter is either a pure substance or a mixture of substances, and every pure substance is either an element or a compound.

In 2025 severe floods in Country G destroyed 12 % of its farmland, washed away bridges and roads and damaged thousands of homes. Many factories that were not damaged were unable to operate for several weeks because workers and supplies could not reach them.

Using a production possibilities curve (PPC) diagram, explain the effect of the floods on Country G's production possibilities and on its actual output.

4 marks

A program uses two nested loops to compare every element of a list of n items with every element. How does its running time grow as n grows?

Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to reduce the impacts of agricultural activities on freshwater quality in one or more named places.

10 marks

Which is a description of the habitat of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)?

  1. A

    A predator that feeds mainly on fish and helps to regulate fish populations

  2. B

    Rivers, lakes and sheltered coasts with dense bankside vegetation across Europe and Asia

  3. C

    All the otters living along one river and interbreeding with each other

  4. D

    The otters, fish, insects and plants that interact with each other in a river

Copperleaf Mining Zambia Ltd (CMZ) is the Zambian subsidiary of a Canadian mining multinational. It operates a copper mine near Chingola. CMZ’s published accounts show a small profit, even though world copper prices were high last year. A local residents’ association has asked to see the accounts in detail, because CMZ promised in 2022 to spend 2 % of its profit on a new clinic and on water supplies for nearby villages.

  1. (a)

    Outline why the Zambian government would be interested in CMZ’s final accounts.

    2 marks

  2. (b)

    Explain two reasons why the local residents’ association would want to study CMZ’s final accounts.

    4 marks

1.1 Bias

Learning objectives

  • Explain the concept of bias and how a systematic error differs from a random one.

  • Describe the main types of bias in research: sampling, researcher, participant, confirmation and publication bias.

  • Explain how cultural and gender bias affect psychological knowledge, diagnosis, prevalence figures and treatment.

  • Explain how cognitive biases in everyday thinking relate to bias in research.

  • Describe the controls researchers use to reduce bias, and explain the limits of each.

  • Analyse the design of a study to show where bias may have entered and how it changes the conclusions.

  • Evaluate research and theories in the biological, cognitive and sociocultural approaches with reference to bias.

  • Discuss the role of bias in research in each of the four contexts.

Café Lumen has two branches in Porto, Ribeira and Boavista. The number of espressos, lattes and teas sold at each branch last Saturday is given by the matrix S, where row 1 is Ribeira, row 2 is Boavista, and the columns are espresso, latte and tea, in that order.

S=(12085409511062)

An espresso costs 1.20 euros (EUR), a latte costs 2.80 EUR and a tea costs 1.90 EUR. These prices are written as the column vector p=(1.202.801.90).

  1. (a)

    Write down the order of S.

    1 mark

  2. (b)

    Write down the element s23 and state what it represents.

    2 marks

  3. (c)

    Find Sp.

    2 marks

  4. (d)

    Interpret the second element of Sp in context.

    1 mark

What does adding a catalyst do to the position of an equilibrium?

Carbon monoxide, CO, is a toxic gas formed by the incomplete combustion of fuels. In a catalytic converter it is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

2CO(g)+O2(g)→2CO2(g)
  1. (a)

    Draw the Lewis (electron dot) formula of carbon monoxide and identify the coordination bond in it.

    2 marks

  2. (b)(i)

    Using section 11 of the data booklet, list the carbon–oxygen bonds in CO, CO2 and CH3OH in order of increasing bond length.

    1 mark

  3. (b)(ii)

    Outline the reason for the order in (b)(i).

    1 mark

  4. (c)

    Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the oxidation of carbon monoxide shown in the equation, using section 12 of the data booklet.

    3 marks

  5. (d)

    Using section 9 of the data booklet, state, giving a reason, whether a molecule of carbon monoxide is polar.

    1 mark

An accountancy firm lets its staff work from home two days a week. Staff connect to the firm's office network through a virtual private network (VPN) using their home broadband.

  1. (a)

    Explain how the VPN keeps client financial data confidential as it travels between a member of staff's home and the office.

    4 marks

  2. (b)

    Outline one limitation of using the VPN for home working.

    2 marks

A peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) can dive at more than 300 km h-1 and seize a flying bird in mid-air. Why is this hunting ability described as an emergent property?

  1. A

    It is controlled by a single gene expressed in its flight muscle cells

  2. B

    It arises from interactions between body systems and is not shown by any of the parts alone

  3. C

    It is the sum of the separate properties of each cell in the body

  4. D

    It is learned by each falcon from its parents during its first months of life

3.1 Distance, midpoint, volume and surface area

Coordinates in three dimensions

A point in a plane needs two coordinates. A point in space needs three, measured along three axes that meet at the origin O and are each perpendicular to the other two. The x- and y-axes form a horizontal plane, and the z-axis points upwards. The point (x,y,z) is reached from the origin by moving x units parallel to the x-axis, y units parallel to the y-axis and z units parallel to the z-axis.

A square coil of 200 turns and side 5.0 cm lies perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. The field strength falls steadily from 0.40 T to zero in 0.25 s.

  1. (a)

    State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

    2 marks

  2. (b)

    Calculate the emf induced in the coil.

    3 marks

Why is water described as the medium for life?

  1. A

    Water is the only molecule in cells that can form hydrogen bonds

  2. B

    The first cells originated in water and most processes of life still occur in water

  3. C

    Water provides the energy needed for most metabolic reactions

  4. D

    Water is the most abundant organic molecule in living cells

A firm raises output from 20 to 25 units, and its total cost rises from $400 to $450. What is the marginal cost per unit of these extra units?

Examine the relative importance of plucking and abrasion in the formation of erosional landforms in one or more named glaciated upland areas.

10 marks

The gradient of a curve is given by dydx=6sin⁡(2x−π3). The curve passes through the point (3π4,23).

Find y in terms of x.

6 marks

What are the relative mass and the relative charge of a neutron?

  1. A

    Relative mass: 1; relative charge: +1

  2. B

    Relative mass: 1/1840; relative charge: −1

  3. C

    Relative mass: 1/1840; relative charge: 0

  4. D

    Relative mass: 1; relative charge: 0

FS1.1 Norse exploration (circa 982–1020)

Who were the Norse?

The Norse were the Scandinavian peoples of what are now Norway, Denmark and Sweden, and the communities they founded overseas, who spoke Old Norse. Most were farmers. Some also traded, and some raided: a Viking was, in the original sense of the word, a man who went "a-viking", on a raiding or trading expedition by sea. Historians usually date the Viking Age from the raid on the monastery of Lindisfarne in northern England in 793 to about 1066, when the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada was defeated at Stamford Bridge.

Port Antonio Juice Co. (PAJ) is a small Jamaican business that bottles fresh fruit juices. Until 2024 it bottled whatever fruit its farmers delivered. In 2025 the owner, Marcia Bennett, paid for a survey of 400 shoppers in Kingston and Montego Bay. It found that shoppers wanted less sugar, smaller bottles for lunchboxes and juices that combine Jamaican fruits such as sorrel and soursop. The survey cost JMD 1.2 million, about a quarter of PAJ’s annual profit.

  1. (a)

    Explain two ways in which the survey findings could help PAJ become more market oriented.

    4 marks

  2. (b)

    Outline one limitation for PAJ of relying on the survey findings.

    2 marks

A college print room sends every print job to a single printer. Jobs wait in a queue and the printer always takes the job at the front. The queue starts empty, and then these operations happen in order:

enqueue(J1), enqueue(J2), enqueue(J3), dequeue(), enqueue(J4), dequeue(), enqueue(J5)

  1. (a)

    State the job that the printer will print next.

    1 mark

  2. (b)

    State the contents of the queue after the operations, from front to rear.

    2 marks

  3. (c)

    Outline one reason why a queue is a suitable structure for the print jobs.

    2 marks

In which change does the internal energy of the substance stay the same?

The number of emails that Dr Okafor receives in one hour of her working day follows a Poisson distribution with mean 6.4.

She records the number of emails received in each of 40 randomly chosen working hours. Let Xˉ be the mean number of emails per hour for these 40 hours.

  1. (a)

    Explain why the central limit theorem can be used to approximate the distribution of Xˉ, even though the number of emails in one hour is not normally distributed.

    1 mark

  2. (b)

    Write down the approximate distribution of Xˉ, stating its parameters.

    2 marks

  3. (c)

    Find the probability that Xˉ is greater than 7.

    2 marks

For several decades, Country V operated as a planned economy. Every five years, a central planning committee set output targets for each state-owned factory and farm and fixed the prices of most goods.

Define the term planned economy indicated in bold in the text.

2 marks

C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism

Enzymes as biological catalysts

A chemical reaction converts one or more reactants into products. Many of the reactions that cells depend on, such as the breakdown of glucose or the joining of amino acids, happen extremely slowly on their own at body temperature. A catalyst increases the rate of such a reaction.

An enzyme is a catalyst made by a living organism. Almost all enzymes are proteins. At the end of a reaction an enzyme is chemically unchanged, so the same molecule can catalyse the reaction again and again. A single molecule of the enzyme catalase, for example, can break down millions of molecules of hydrogen peroxide every second. Because they are reused, enzymes are needed only in small amounts.

In an arithmetic sequence, u4=10 and u9=−5. What is u1?

Evaluate the strengths and limitations of composite indices, such as the Global Hunger Index, for measuring disparities in food security between countries.

10 marks

Consider the complex number z=5−3i2+4i.

  1. (a)

    Express z in the form a+bi, where a,b∈Q.

    2 marks

  2. (b)

    Find the exact value of ∣z∣.

    2 marks

  3. (c)

    Find arg⁡z, where −π<arg⁡z≤π.

    2 marks

Three statements about the molecules of a liquid are:

I. The molecules vibrate about fixed positions and cannot move past one another.
II. The mean separation of the molecules is similar to that in the solid phase.
III. The attractive forces between the molecules are significant.

Which statements are correct?

  1. A

    I and II only

  2. B

    I and III only

  3. C

    II and III only

  4. D

    I, II and III

A.1 Drainage basin hydrology and geomorphology

Learning objectives

  • Describe the drainage basin as an open system of inputs, outputs, stores and flows, and distinguish it from the closed global hydrological cycle.

  • Explain how the type and intensity of precipitation, and the condition of the soil, control the pathways water takes to a river.

  • Construct a drainage basin water balance and interpret a soil moisture budget.

  • Explain the relationship between discharge, stream velocity, channel shape and hydraulic radius, using field measurements.

  • Evaluate the Bradshaw model as a description of how rivers change downstream.

  • Explain the processes of erosion, transportation and deposition, using the Hjulström curve.

  • Examine how spatial and temporal factors, including channel characteristics and seasonality, change the work a river does.

  • Explain the formation of waterfalls, meanders, ox-bow lakes, floodplains, levees and deltas, with annotated diagrams and located examples.

Everything you need to ace the exams

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  • Maths AA · 5.2 Increasing and decreasing functions5 marks

    Consider the function f(x)=2x3−9x2−24x+5, where x∈R.

    1. (a)

      Find f′(x).

      [2]
    2. (b)

      Find the values of x for which f is decreasing.

      [3]
    Markscheme
    (a)
    • f′(x)=6x2−18x−24

      A2
    (b)
    • recognition that f′(x)<0

      (M1)
    • 6(x2−3x−4)=6(x−4)(x+1), roots x=−1, x=4

      (A1)
    • −1<x<4

      A1

    Mark yourself honestly against each line.

    Question bank

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  • Confirmation bias is a studied within the , because it concerns how information is selected, processed and stored.

    Three forms: search, interpretation and memory

    Confirmation bias can operate at each stage of processing information. Research usually distinguishes three forms, which often occur together and reinforce one another.

    Notes

    The syllabus written out as a textbook, a page for each part. Key terms are defined where they first come up.

  • Biology · A1.1 Water5 to review

    How many types of cell are there in the human body, and from which single cell do they all come?

    The function of a protein depends on its […], and its shape is set by the sequence of amino acids in its chain.

    About what percentage of the mass of a typical cell is water?

    About 70%.

    Think of the answer, then turn the card.

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    Official decks, or your own. A card comes back just before you would forget it, and waits longer each time you know it.

  • Chemistry · S2.2 The covalent model

    What is the shape of a methane molecule?

    Question 1 of 4

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    Rounds of short questions with the answer straight away. Every answer moves the strength of its topic.

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    Physics SL worksheet · Kinematics, Forces and momentum, Gravitational fields

    5 questions · 14 marks

    1. Question 11 mark

      A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Air resistance is negligible. Which is correct about the ball at its highest point?

    2. Question 21 mark

      A trolley of mass 2.0 kg moving at 3.0 m s−1 collides with a stationary trolley of mass 1.0 kg. They stick together. What is their speed after the collision?

    3. Question 310 marks

      A lunar lander of mass 15 000 kg is descending vertically towards the surface of the Moon. At a height of 150 m it is moving downwards at 12 m s−1. Its engine then provides a constant upward force, so that the lander decelerates uniformly and comes to rest at a height of 4.0 m. The engine is then switched off and the lander falls to the surface.

    4. Question 41 mark

      A delivery robot in a warehouse moves 30 m due east along a straight aisle. It then moves 40 m due west along the same aisle. What are the distance travelled by the robot and its displacement from its starting point?

    5. Question 51 mark

      A ball is thrown vertically upwards and is caught when it comes back down. Air resistance is negligible. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball while it is rising and while it is falling?

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    Maths AAHL72%Solid
    PhysicsHL58%Building
    ChemistrySL71%Solid
    BiologySL91%Strong

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The beginning is the most important part of the work.

Plato, The Republic